History of Jewellery

Up to recently, it is believed that the earliest known gold jewellery dated from the “Sumer” civilization that inhabited what is now known as the southern Iraq around 3000 BC.



The recent discovery says that the first Goldsmithing began on the shores of the black sea which is today called as Bulgaria. However the various techniques such as chain-making, repousse, alloying and casting have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs.

One of the best examples came from the treasures of King Tutankhamun who pass away in 1352 BC. The first known cable chain which is a very popular technique even today was produced by Minoans on Crete while the granulation was developed by Etruscans of Italy in the 17th century BC.



Italy has remained at the front position of the gold jewellery industry. The Italian Renaissance coincided with the discoveries of the New World sources of gold, and wealthy Italian patrons encouraged goldsmiths just as they did painters and sculptors.

The Spanish acquisition of South American gold, however, was achieved at the expense of the ancient heritage of pre-Columbian goldsmiths. These craftsmen were producing exquisite items as early as 1200 BC, and their art reached its zenith during the Chimu civilisation from the 12th to the I5th centuries AD, only to be stopped by the mass looting of the ‘conquistadors’.



Historically, gold was a rare metal, which only the wealthy could afford. But the gold rushes to California and Australia in the mid-19th century ushered in a new dimension of gold supply. They coincided, too, with the development of machinery for making chain and other articles, and of a much wider consumer market. In the 20th century, gold jewellery has become affordable for most people in Western society.

Important new centres for gold production emerged in the early 1990s, notably in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, catering particularly to the rapidly growing market for ‘chuk kam’ (pure gold) jewellery in China, which requires several hundred tonnes a year. In Japan, jewellery fabrication for the domestic market has become a major industry, using around 100 tonnes a year.

Attitudes to jewellery still vary throughout the world. In the industrial countries, for example, gold jewellery is primarily a fashion item. But in the Middle East and much of Asia, gold ornaments are seen equally as investment; 22 carat articles are bought on a low mark-up of only 10-20 per cent over the gold price of the day, and can be traded in at a profit if the price rises or, as is more often the case, for new articles.

The importance of jewellery to the gold mining industry cannot be under-estimated. Between 1970 and 1992 around 65% of all gold available to the market was used in jewellery, and from the late 1980s into the 1990s, it absorbed much of the rise in production. Since 1991, over 2,000 tonnes of gold has been used annually. The continuing success of the mining industry is inextricably linked with the fortunes of the jewellery trade.

Chinese Zodiac Ornaments

Rat Ornament
Ox Ornament
Tiger Ornament
Rabbit Ornament
Dragon Ornament
Snake Ornament
Horse Ornament
Ram Ornament
Monkey Ornament
Rooster Ornament
Dog Ornament
Pig Ornament

Punjabi Ornaments

BRACELETS

Men’s

1. Ponchi – a sequence of strings of small gold extended beads worn on the wrist
2. Kangan or Kara or Gokru – it is a bracelet of hard metal

Women’s

1. Ponchian – wear on wrist with several categories called kutbi, chuhadandi etc…
2. Kangan - wear on the wrist are generally of gold
3. Banka – it is thick gold mostly used by Hindus
4. Gajra – a flexible one and it is made of square gold studs mount on a silk band
5. Churi – it is made of flat ribbon of gold or silver, bent round
6. Bain – long silver sleeveworn on both arms.
7. Band – an armlet, heavy one


FINGER - RINGS

1. Anguthi – ring set with stones
2. Challa – hoop ring with or without stones made by gold or silver
3. Angutha – a big ring on the toe
4. Khari Panjangla –set of finger rings
5. Shahelmi or Khari – oval shape ring
6. Birhamgand – broad ring

ANKLETS

1. Pahzeb – with silver chains and pendants made
2. Kharian
3. Khungru – made of sliver
4. Zanjiri

Earrings made by sim card

Things needed

Earring hooks – 2
Jump rings – 2
SIM cards – 2
Needle nosed pliers

Method

Make a hole at the top centre of the SIM card with the help of a thumb tack, a pin, or a small nail.

The whole should be wide enough to get the jump rings through it.

With the help of pliers open the jump rings.

To the jump ring slip the SIM card.

Then grip an earring hook to the jump ring and then close it tightly.

Beautiful SIM card earring is ready to be worn.

How to Make a Fork Bracelet

Fork bracelets are very cool ones that fits perfect for the boys and girls. Here is the procedure to make one:

Thing you Require

Fork

Procedure

Take a fork and bend it to the shape of an oval or circle leaving it partially open to slip you wrist.

Put the bracelet in your wrist and close the remaining so that the bracelets stay in your wrist.

Now show of you new bracelet.

Tips

Silver fork is the best as it is soft and easy to bend.

Make sure that the bracelet fits in comfortably so that it does not fall and putting it so tightly may create problem in blood circulation.

Using the same procedure you can make the spoon bracelet.

Gems & Kundan:

Gems a lot of palmists and astrologers tell you specifically the clearness and carat necessary to constituency off the evil eye ill-luck. Some of the superior buy here are emerald, sapphires, rubies, garnets, amethysts, corals and turquoise.

The technique of cutting and polishing stones to complete the glossiest facets has been hone to flawlessness by the artisans of Jaipur and Calcutta.

Kundan Delhi, Jaipur and Udaipur are well-known for the age-old modus operandi of surroundings gems in gold called Kundan.

It is the Mughal-inspired art of surroundings valuable stones like diamonds, emeralds and rubies in gold and silver. Gems are bedded in a enclose of gold bars leaf quite than tenable by a rim or claw.

Trimming and Pruning Ornamental Grasses

Cutting the grasses to 3 to 4 inches of the ground in the early spring will prevent the dying of grasses in the winter.

The grass varieties that survive in long in the winter season should not be cut. But you can just clean them up early in the spring and trim of the foliages.

Generally it is best to divide the grasses in the spring when the grasses begin to break dormancy. First dig the plant and then cut the clumps in to divisions with a sharp material. Replant the new division with the container grown plant. You will be surprised to see how the plants root themselves and grow faster.